Rolandslied und Ospinel-Einschub
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Chansons de Geste
Rolandslied und Ospinel-Einschub
(Karlmeinet, Teil 5 – 1320/40) von Keller, A. (ed.): Karl Meinet. (=StLV 45) Stuttgart 1858. Reprint 1971.
KM5-1:
394, 50: Karl learns that the people in Spain have reestablished heathendom. His prayer for conversion is answered by an angel, God’s messenger, who prophesies that Karl will convert heathens in Spain.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
A 165.2.3 Angels as God’s messengers
A 182.3 God (angel) speaks to mortal
V 243 Angel answers mortal’s prayer
Z 254 Destined hero
V 301 (Li) Heathens and Christians
M 301.10 Angels as prophets
M 364.3 Prophecy: saint [holy man] will succeed in conversion
H 927.2 Task assigned by angel on God’s order
KM5-2:
395, 23: Karl summons his twelve pairs, the mightiest nobles of his warriors.
Motif References:
P 50 Noblemen (knights) [rules of chivalry]
Z 71.8 Formulistic number: twelve
KM5-3:
396, 23: The pairs give an oath to support Karl with their hands raised.
Motif References:
M 166 Other vows about fighting
KM5-4:
396, 41: Karl sends messengers with letters to summon his vassals. The warriors wear the sign of the cross.
Motif References:
V 86 Sign of the Cross
KM5-5:
396, 67: Karl gives a speech to his large army standing on a stone: He promises heavenly reward for those who follow God’s order.
Motif References:
KM5-6:
397, 50: Karl encourages his followers by describing the heathens’ cruelty: they rob and plunder, destroy churches, sacrifice Christians to their Gods or use them as targets. He guarantees salvation for support in warfare.
Motif References:
V 11.10 Sacrifice to idols
R 51 Mistreatment of prisoners
S 180 Wounding or torturing
S 260.1 Human sacrifice
KM5-7:
398, 7: Archbishop Turpin of Remis, one of the twelve pairs, encourages the warriors. He promises heavenly reward.
Motif References:
P 122.3 (Bm) Bishop encourages combat and wages battle
KM5-8:
399, 6: The Christian army proceeds to the river Ronde; the heathens withdraw, burning the country behind them. Rolant suggests that the twelve pairs cross the river and kill the heathens. Karl objects, as this would be too dangerous.
Motif References:
KM5-9:
399, 49: In the meantime, the heathens undermine a town that the Christians want to conquer.
Motif References:
K 2369 Military strategy – miscellaneous
KM5-10:
400, 10: The heathens are very sure of their victory, play games, make loud music, dance. They send messengers to countries at the world’s end in the west to get military aid. An enormous army arrives.
Motif References:
W 200 Traits of character – miscellaneous
P 557.0.3 (Li) Military aid (alliance)
KM5-11:
400, 48: The Christians capture a heathen who is baptized by Turpin on pain of death. He uncovers the heathens’ ruse to the Christians and shows them a safe ford across the river.
Motif References:
V 331.2 Conversion to Christianity on pain of death [by force]
KM5-12:
401, 33: The Christians come to the town Doecose. The heathens blow their horns, flee into their temples and pray to their idols for help against the Christians.
Motif References:
V 112 Temples
R 325 Church (altar) [temple] as refuge
KM5-13:
401, 59: When the Christians try to conquer the castle, Rolant blows his horn. Its sound discourages the idols of Apoll and Machumet and makes them lose their voices and makes the town’s houses tremble. The heathens are terrified, the mountains echo, birds sing; many heathens fall unconscious. The heathen Iosias encourages warriors to fight.
Motif References:
Z 201 (Bm) Famous possessions of hero
F 899 Other extraordinary objects
F 969.4 Extraordinary earthquake
F 989 Extraordinary occurrences concerning animals – miscellaneous
F 1041 Extraordinary physical reactions of persons
F 1099 Additional marvels
D 1222 Magic horn (musical)
KM5-14:
402, 48: Karl asks the heathens to surrender and convert to Christianity. But they refuse conversion; instead, they offer to give Karl presents and gold to pacify him.
Motif References:
V 335 (Bm) Refusal to change religion
KM5-15:
403, 13: Karl is furious. A battle begins. Rolant kills many heathens, also Olyver (who fights with a rod) and archbishop Turpin. Karl gives a sign to end the fighting.
Motif References:
P 122.3 (Bm) Bishop encourages combat and wages battle
P 550.1 (Li) Battle. War
F 628.2 Strong man kills men
KM5-16:
404, 26: Devils come and take the heathens’ souls with them. The Christians’ souls are saved, they come to St Michael’s choir. Duke Godefryt and his warriors storm the castle. The heathens flee.
Motif References:
G 303.9.5 The devil as an abductor
V 340 Miracle manifested to non-believers
V 520 Salvation
E 752.2 Soul carried off by demon (Devil)
KM5-17:
405, 4: The heathens surrender to Karl, convert to Christianity and are baptized. They bury the dead Christians on a churchyard.
Motif References:
V 69.1 All dead are buried after battle
R 75 Surrendering
V 81 Baptism
V 331.1 Conversion to Christianity through miracle
V 332 Baptism of heathen
KM5-18:
405, 44: Karl conquers all of Spain except for Sarragois, which is ruled by Marselis. Karl converts people to Christianity by force.
Motif References:
V 331.2 Conversion to Christianity on pain of death [by force]
KM5-19:
406, 9-408, 59: Marselis convenes a council with his six margraves and six dukes in his garden.
Motif References:
Z 71.8 Formulistic number: twelve
P 557.0.1 (Li) Council of war
KM5-20:
406, 51: An old, wise counselor of court, Blantschandie, advises to send twelve messengers with presents and hostages to Karl under the pretension of submission. At Marselis’s objections, Blantschandie offers his son as a hostage and advises again to send messengers to Aachen on St Michael’s day. Karl will then leave Spain and leave behind his warriors. Those warriors could then be captured by heathens and be exchanged for hostages.
Motif References:
P 14.15.1 (Old, wise) Counsellors of court [King’s council]
K 2369 Military strategy – miscellaneous
KM5-21:
408, 60: The heathen King Ospinel of Babylonia baffles these intentions. He wants to marry Marselis’s beautiful daughter Magdalye, as he is a handsome man. Marselis gives in under the condition that he defeats Karl’s twelve pairs. Ospinel promises to fight three of them at a time until he has killed all of them.
Motif References:
T 68 Princess offered as prize
M 290 Bargains and promises – miscellaneous
H 335.4 Suitor task: to defeat enemies
F 575.1 Remarkably beautiful woman
F 575.2 Handsome man
H 1561 Tests of valor
KM5-22:
409, 65: Ospinel climbs a mountain and calls for Karl. He challenges anyone willing to fight him; he wants Karl to send Rolant, Olyver, Oyger of Denmark to him. He refuses to fight Turpin, as he could not suffer the sin of killing a priest. Nevertheless Turpin refuses to leave.
Motif References:
P 122.3 (Bm) Bishop encourages combat and wages battle
P 556.0.1 (Bm) Challenge to single combat [feud]
KM5-23:
411, 15: Turpin and Ospinel start fighting. Turpin is unhorsed. Ospinel sends him back to Karl with the message to send him Rolant, Olyver and Oyger. Ospinel holds Turpin’s stirrup when he leaves.
Motif References:
KM5-24:
411, 44: Turpin delivers Ospinel’s message. Karl sends him back with an invitation for Ospinel, who at first refuses to come, fearing an ambush. Turpin grants him surety (confirmed by handshake). They both return, leave their horses outside and come on foot to meet Karl.
Motif References:
KM5-25:
412: Ospinel wears a strange cloak made of the fabric Jugula; it adapts its size to its wearer.
Motif References:
F 821.9 Garments grow with man wearing them [garment adapts to size of wearer]
D 1053 Magic mantle (cloak)
D 1692 Cloak (and shirt) fit person of any size
KM5-26:
412, 60: Ospinel sits down at Karl’s feet. When Karl learns that he is of royal descent, he has him sit beside him. Ospinel is very impudent: he urges Karl to leave the kingdom of France to him and wants to be crowned king in Paris at Pentecost. He menaces to behead Karl. Karl laughs at this and advises Ospinel to convert to Christianity. But Ospinel will only convert if Karl’s warriors defeat him. He leaves.
Motif References:
P 632 Customs concerning recognition of rank
KM5-27:
Quarrel between Rolant and Olyver about who shall fight Ospinel first; Olyver is jealous of Rolant, who always gets his will as he is Karl’s nephew (sister’s son). He blows his horn furiously and leaves court together with his knights, giving Karl his notice. He returns when Rolant, on Karl’s request, grants him the right to fight first.
Motif References:
P 50.0.1 King and vassals: obligations of vassals to king [Feudality: mutual relationship between king and vassals]
W 181 Jealousy
W 212 Eagerness for combat
P 253.0.1 Sister’s son
P 310 Friendship
KM5-28:
414, 50: Single combat between Olyver and Ospinel. Olyver destroys his lance when bounding against Ospinel’s extremely hard shield (which can only be destroyed by Durendart). Olyver fights on with Durendart; Ospinel escapes his blows, but Olyver cleaves his horse in two. They continue to fight on foot.
Motif References:
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
F 839.2 Extraordinary shield
KM5-29:
415, 38-417, 35: Olyver is armed (iron trousers, spurs, armor). Rolant gives him his sword Durendart to use it instead of his own, Hautecleir. Durendart cuts iron. Sacred relics are enclosed in its pommel: the arm of St Joryn, a tooth of St Basilius. Karl blesses Olyver.
Motif References:
V 140 Sacred relics
Z 201.2 (Bm) Hero’s famous sword
F 833.3 Sword extraordinarily bright, sharp
KM5-30:
416, 2: Ospinel bewitches Durendart: it is rendered helpless. Olyver is seriously wounded, but continues fighting. He talks to Durendart, which does not fulfill his expectations, and throws it to the ground. It is disenchanted when touching the earth. Ospinel tries to snatch it, but Olyver is quicker – he cuts off his opponent’s right hand. Ospinel fights on with his left hand. When Olyver destroys his shield, Ospinel surrenders by raising his hands. Olyver is severely wounded.
Motif References:
W 33.1 Badly wounded warrior continues fighting
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
D 782.2 Disenchantment by touching earth
D 2072.0.1 Sword made magically helpless
KM5-31:
417, 39: The heathens lament Ospinel, Karl Olyver. Rolant brings both of them to Karl’s camp, where Ospinel is baptized. Olyver recovers, but Ospinel dies.
Motif References:
V 332 Baptism of heathen
KM5-32:
418, 1: Magdalye, Ospinel’s bride, mourns for him. She offers to marry anyone who avenges him. Marsalat of Tornanant offers his and three other kings’ service. The one who is victorious will win her hand.
Motif References:
P 52.2 (Li) Knight in service of a lady
T 68 Princess offered as prize
H 335.4 Suitor task: to defeat enemies
H 1561 Tests of valor
KM5-33:
418, 43: Rolant leaves clandestinely, as he wants to be the first to fight the four heathen kings. Magdalye accompanies the four kings. Rolant gives a provocative speech.
Motif References:
P 550 Military affairs
KM5-34:
419, 7: Rolant is attacked by the four heathens at the same time. He prays for help and kills three of the kings; the fourth escapes.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
L 325.1 (Bm) Victory over superior force: one against many
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
KM5-35:
419, 22: Magdalye surrenders to Rolant. She promises to convert to Christianity. He takes her to Marselis’s camp. When he is attacked by Sybelin of Spain, he realizes that he has forgotten Durendart on site of combat. (continued 421,19)
Motif References:
KM5-36:
420, 19: The heathens are terrified when Rolant blows his horn to summon the Christian army. Furious fighting begins. Rolant and Olyver kill many heathens. Rolant searches for Durendart on the battlefield. The wounded Olyver fights bravely. (continued 422, 34)
Motif References:
R 187 Horn of Roncevalles. Hero calls aid of waiting soldiers on horn
P 550.1 (Li) Battle. War
P 557.0.3 (Li) Military aid (alliance)
KM5-37:
421, 19: Rolant lets Magdalye dismount from his horse and flees from the heathen army. Magdalye prays to the Virgin Mary. Sybelin makes an attempt to kiss her. She refuses, as she wants Rolant. Rolant returns to Karl in the meantime and tells him about the loss of Durendart. Karl says that Spain will be lost if the heathens get hold of the sword. (continued 420,19)
Motif References:
KM5-38:
422, 34: Rolant kills the king of Ungeren (Hungary), Marsiles’s nephew. When learning about his nephew’s death, Marselis takes the standard and mounts his horse. As he kills Godert of St Dyonis, Rolant attacks and wounds him. The heathens carry him away.
Motif References:
KM5-39:
423, 27: On the heathens’ advice to leave his apostate daughter behind, Marselis and his men flee. The Christians pursue them. Rolant leaves Magdalye at his tent and finally finds Durendart again.
Motif References:
R 220 Flights
P 234 Father and daughter
KM5-40:
424, 10: Rolant returns to his camp. He has fallen in love with Magdalye and would like to marry her if she was a Christian. This causes a quarrel with Olyver, who reminds him of his betrothal with his sister. Karl, Turpin and bishop Iernes put an end to the quarrel.
Motif References:
T 29 Falling in love – miscellaneous
KM5-41:
424, 45: Magdalye is baptized. Karl sends her to Olyver’s sister Alde, who takes care of her; she intends to marry her to Olyver.
Motif References:
V 81 Baptism
P 90 Royalty and nobility – miscellaneous
V 332 Baptism of heathen
KM5-42:
425, 21: Karl stays in Spain for a long time. He wants to defeat king Marselis, who retreated to Sarragois, and make him a tributary. He sends letters to raise his army: anyone older than 15 years living in the region stretching from Monchiops to the sea is called up. Those who refuse have to pay the large amount of four silver pennies per year. As the army is enormous, the clerks who keep the lists have much work. Karl moves on to Runtzeval and puts up camp.
Motif References:
P 551 Army
KM5-43:
426, 3: When Marselis learns of Karl’s arrival, he sends ten of his followers with palm branches and presents – ten mules charged with gold – to Karl to offer peace and submission.
Motif References:
P 14.15.2 Court messenger
Z 71.16.2 Formulistic number: ten
Z 157 Olive [palm] branch symbol of peace [victory]
KM5-44:
426, 57: When the messengers descend the hill to Runtzeval, they perceive Karl’s army camp. The town of Runtzeval was destroyed by Karl, the heathen inhabitants were baptized or killed.
Motif References:
V 331.2 Conversion to Christianity on pain of death [by force]
KM5-45:
427, 27: The messengers find Karl in his garden, where lions and bears fight and knights take their exercises: stone-throwing, wrestling, telling tales and music, throwing lances, defending oneself with the shield. Karl, seated under an olive-tree with his counselors, watches them. Blantschandis reminds the men to show courtly manners.
Motif References:
P 19 Other motifs connected with kings
F 818 Extraordinary garden
B 845 Wild animals herded
KM5-46:
428, 10: The messengers approach with their palm branches and throw themselves at Karl’s feet. Karl plays chess.
Motif References:
P 14.3 King playing chess when important news arrives
KM5-47:
428, 27: Blantschandis offers submission and conversion by lifting her hands. While the heathen speaks, Karl has his eyes cast down. They again confirm their will to convert, offer presents and beg Karl to return to France with his warriors. They also offer hostages (Marselis’s sons and sons of other nobles) as ransom.
Motif References:
KM5-48:
430, 59: Karl accepts the heathens’ offer and forgives that Marselis had two of his messengers killed, as the messengers carry palm branches like Jesus did when he came to Jerusalem. Palm branches symbolize peace. Karl sends them to their lodgings.
Motif References:
R 51.4 Prisoner[s] [hostages, messengers] massacred [killed]
S 139 Miscellaneous cruel murders
Z 157 Olive [palm] branch symbol of peace [victory]
KM5-49:
431, 26-443, 4: The following morning, after mass, Karl has a large tent erected under a pine-tree. He has his throne brought and holds council on how to deal with heathens’ offer. Counselors: bishop Turpin, Oyger, Beringer of Collen, Rolant, Olyver.
Motif References:
P 557.0.1 (Li) Council of war
KM5-50:
432, 2: At that moment, the besieged heathens sally out of their city, but the Christians defeat them.
Motif References:
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
F 1084 Furious battle [fight]
KM5-51:
The council is taken up again. Rolant believes the heathens’ offer to be a ruse: the heathens want to delude them by granting surety so that they retreat, then reinstall heathendom. Olyver wants Karl to return to France and leave them behind to convert the heathens by force.
Motif References:
KM5-52:
433, 52: Also bishop Turpin (using biblical parable of the vineyard to illustrate his speech) and Nayme of Beyern (Bavaria) counsel to wage war. Karl keeps his silence. Bishop Johan wants to go to Almerie to convert the heathens. He falls at Karl’s feet and warns him of the heathens’ ruse (435,38).
Motif References:
P 122.3 (Bm) Bishop encourages combat and wages battle
KM5-53:
436, 4: Wellis is the only one who advises to accept the heathens’ offer. He accuses Rolant of eagerness for combat. Rolant objects and refers to the heathens’ ruses: they offered conversion and killed Karl’s messengers.
Motif References:
KM5-54:
436, 54: Karl gets angry about their quarrel; he strokes his beard and wants them to reconcile.
Motif References:
KM5-55:
437, 6: The counselors mount a hill to deliberate and settle down near a spring. Wellis wants them to accept the heathens’ proposal. Turpin’s advice is accepted: He suggests sending messengers to Marselis to find out about their real intentions.
Motif References:
P 548 Miscellaneous legal customs [problems]
KM5-56:
438, 15: Bishop Johan is chosen as the messenger’s speaker. Karl has his counselors and Johan sit down, as he is old and weak from fasting and praying. Johan advises to send a messenger to Marselis who shall find out about the heathens’ real intentions. Karl refuses Rolant, Olyver and Turpin as messengers.
Motif References:
P 14.15.1 (Old, wise) Counsellors of court [King’s council]
P 122 (Bm) Archbishop and bishop
V 462 Asceticism
KM5-57:
440, 1: Rolant finally proposes his stepfather Wellis, who gets pale and very furious at this. He accuses Rolant of wanting his death and announces revenge.
Motif References:
P 281 Stepfather [and stepson]
P 556.0.1 (Bm) Challenge to single combat [feud]
KM5-58:
440, 43: Karl accepts Rolant’s proposal and assigns the task to Wellis, who gets pale. The task is symbolized by handing over a glove and staff (which is a sign of peace). When Wellis unintentionally drops the glove, people believe this to be a bad omen.
Motif References:
P 14.15.2 Court messenger
P 50.0.1 King and vassals: obligations of vassals to king [Feudality: mutual relationship between king and vassals]
Z 150 Other symbols
P 548 Miscellaneous legal customs [problems]
H 939 Other assigners of tasks
H 1180 Miscellaneous tasks
KM5-59:
441, 18: Wellis begs Karl, his brother-in-law, for mercy. He accuses Rolant of wanting his half-brother’s – Baldewyn’s – heritage. He takes his cloak and utters his fear to be killed like Karl’s messengers Basilie and Basentzin. He starts crying. Rolant tries to calm him.
Motif References:
P 263 Brother-in-law
KM5-60:
442, 9: Karl orders Wellis to take his seal (engraved with golden letters) and give it to Marselis with the following message: he shall send the town’s keys to Karl, surrender and accept Karl as his seigneur. If he does so, he will be enfeoffed with half of Spain, the other half will go to Rolant. If he objects, Karl will have him beheaded and destroy the country. Karl blesses Wellis and kisses him on the mouth.
Motif References:
M 500 (Bm) Threats
KM5-61:
443, 8: Wellis cries. He gets dressed and armed (golden spurs). Karl gives him a Roman horse as a present with a golden saddle. Wyneman holds Wellis’s stirrup. Wellis begs his followers – whom he sends home, as he does not want to expose them to danger – to take care of his wife, his son Baldewyn and his nephew Pynabel (sister’s son).
Motif References:
F 868 Extraordinary saddle
KM5-61:
444, 22: Wellis is a very tall (his shoulders are two ells wide) and handsome man. When he leaves, he sends back his followers, as he does not want them to die with him. They cry.
Motif References:
F 533 Remarkably tall man
F 575.2 Handsome man
KM5-62:
444, 60: Wellis joins the heathens, who amuse themselves with tales. Wellis answers Blantschandis’s questions concerning Karl’s reason for the military campaign. He explains that the Emperor has come on God’s order which was brought to him by an angel. God also gives him strength and protects him.
Motif References:
A 165.2.3 Angels as God’s messengers
Z 200 Heroes
V 235 Mortal visited by angel
H 927.2 Task assigned by angel on God’s order
KM5-63:
445, 66: The second question concerns Rolant, who joined the negotiation with an apple in one, his drawn sword in the other hand and menaced the heathens while they tried to make peace. Wellis tells him about the pairs’ haughtiness and bloodthirstiness. He would like to bring them down: he suggests a conspiracy.
Motif References:
Z 150 Other symbols
KM5-64:
446, 59-448, 37: Wellis and the heathens plan a conspiracy under an olive-tree. Wellis laughs.
Motif References:
K 2211.1 Treacherous brother-in-law
K 2217 Treacherous uncle [stepfather]
K 2370 Miscellaneous deceptions
KM5-65:
447, 49: Wellis gets riches from the heathens; they swear an oath to kill Rolant and the pairs.
Motif References:
Q 111 Riches as reward
M 150 Other vows and oaths
P 614 (Bm) Bribes
KM5-66:
447, 66: Wellis is a good example of the proverb “all that glitters is not gold”: A handsome exterior does not indicate a beautiful soul.
Motif References:
U 119.3 Handsome exterior does not indicate beautiful soul
KM5-67:
448, 38: The heathen messengers and Wellis proceed to Marselis’s camp. Wellis delivers Karl’s message (hand over town keys, surrender), but then reveals the treacherous plan: Marselis shall offer submission (be enfeoffed at St Dyonis); Karl will then retreat and leave behind Rolant and the other pairs, who can easily be killed.
Motif References:
K 2369 Military strategy – miscellaneous
KM5-68:
449, 42: Marselis accepts the proposal and offers Wellis a golden cup with wine he shall drink as confirmation. He hands over the town’s keys to Wellis and gives him also a cup filled with gold which he tells him to return in case the mission fails.
Motif References:
KM5-69:
450, 25: Wellis returns to Karl and delivers the town’s keys and the false offer of submission: Marselis wants to be enfeoffed at St Dyonis. Karl is contented and returns to France. On Wellis’s advice, he leaves behind Rolant, Olyver and 20,000 men as governors.
Motif References:
K 2217 Treacherous uncle [stepfather]
KM5-70:
451, 33: The warriors cry for their families, Karl mourns and cries, as he fears that he will not see Olyver and Rolant again. Rolant and his warriors stay behind, hidden in a river bed. Turpin sings mass in a tent.
Motif References:
KM5-71:
452, 10: After mass, Rolant takes his sword and mounts a hill, wherefrom he perceives the arrival of the heathens’ enormous army. He starts crying when realizing Wellis’s betrayal and makes preparations for defense. Turpin laughs with eagerness for combat, at which Rolant laughs with contentment. He gets armed under an olive-tree. Turpin informs the other warriors about the arrival of the heathen army.
Motif References:
KM5-72:
453, 62: Engelere, who carries a red sign and a golden shield, begs Turpin to bless them. He wants to be the first to fight, but Turpin objects, as this is Rolant’s privilege.
Motif References:
KM5-73:
454, 29: Justaris has a lion as coat-of-arms, which signifies his eagerness for combat.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
Z 150 Other symbols
KM5-74:
454, 53-459, 8: Battle between heathens and Christians on the field of Runtzeval. Rolant kills many heathens, as do Turpin, Olyver and the others. Many heathens die, but also many Christians, among them Turpin and Walter.
Motif References:
V 301 (Li) Heathens and Christians
V 350 Conflicts between religions
P 550.1 (Li) Battle. War
P 551 Army
F 1084 Furious battle [fight]
KM5-75:
455, 46: Olyver advises Rolant to blow his horn to call for help. Rolant refuses.
Motif References:
J 610 Forethought in conflict with others – general
KM5-76:
455, 66: Rolant fights with Marselis and cuts off one of his arms. Marselis and his warriors flee, except for the Anglie and his army.
Motif References:
R 220 Flights
KM5-77:
456, 31: The Anglie of Kymeloit seriously wounds Olyver, who continues fighting and kills him and many heathens. Then he unwittingly attacks Rolant, and begs him for forgiveness when he realizes what he has done. Rolant catches water with his horn and gives him a drink.
Motif References:
W 33.1 Badly wounded warrior continues fighting
P 314 Combat of disguised [unrecognized] friends. [Unwitting attack on friend]
N 767.1 (Bm) Unwitting combat between friends. [Unwitting attack on friend]
KM5-78:
457, 44: Olyver prays for forgiveness. He dies. Angels and St Michael come and take his soul with them. Rolant mourns for him and cries. He returns to the battle and is attacked by the heathens. Rolands faints from grief.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
Q 147 Supernatural manifestations at death of pious person
V 229 Saints – miscellaneous
V 249 Angels – miscellaneous motifs
Z 292 Death of hero [heroine]
V 520 Salvation
E 722.2.10 Soul taken away by God (angel)
F 1041.21.7 Swooning from grief
KM5-79:
458, 20: Rolant finally blows his horn so ferociously that his body’s internal parts break and his heart’s blood floods out, his armor breaks.
Motif References:
R 187 Horn of Roncevalles. Hero calls aid of waiting soldiers on horn
Z 201 (Bm) Famous possessions of hero
F 1085 Eye bursts forth from overstrain of voice [cranium bursts from blowing horn; body’s internal parts break from blowing horn]
KM5-80:
458, 34: Hearing the sound of his horn, Karl fears for Rolant. When Wellis makes fun of him, Names accuses him of treachery. So Wellis is captured as a traitor. He is fettered and taken back to Orleyns. Karl returns to Runtzeval.
Motif References:
Q 236 Punishment for deceiving (divine) emperor
Q 261 Treachery punished
Q 434 Punishment: fettering
KM5-81:
459, 9: In the meantime, Rolant collects the dead Christian warriors. He talks to his sword Durendart and attempts to destroy it, as he does not want it to fall into heathens’ hands: He thrusts it into a stone, but it is indestructible and does not take any harm. So he throws it into the water.
Motif References:
Z 201.2 (Bm) Hero’s famous sword
F 833 Extraordinary sword
F 997.1 Sword is spoken to as human being
D 1081 Magic sword
KM5-82:
459, 35: Turpin, Olyver and the others have died in the battle. Rolant lies down and beds his head on his horn. A heathen king attempts to steal it. Rolant kills him by splitting his head with the horn, which breaks. Rolant dies.
Motif References:
Z 292 Death of hero [heroine]
Z 356 Unique survivor
KM5-83:
459, 65: Karl returns to the battlefield and realizes that they all have died. He prays for prolongation of the day to take up the pursuit. A miracle occurs: the sun reappears, the Christians kill 40,000 heathens in a furious fight.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
V 201 God
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
P 557.0.3 (Li) Military aid (alliance)
N 817.0.1 God as helper
F 960.3 Extraordinary nature phenomena during furious battle
F 961.1.5.2 Sun reappears after being set
F 1084 Furious battle [fight]
KM5-84:
460, 32: King Marselis flees back to Sarragois, where his wife Pregmunda has the temples and idols destroyed as they did not help in battle.
Motif References:
V 123 Image blamed by suppliant for misfortunes
V 381 Heathen beats his god because of misfortune
KM5-85:
460, 47: Marselis learns that his seigneur, King Baligain of Persia, whom he has sent letters to, has finally arrived with 42 underkings as military support.
Motif References:
P 50.0.1 King and vassals: obligations of vassals to king [Feudality: mutual relationship between king and vassals]
P 557.0.3 (Li) Military aid (alliance)
KM5-86:
461, 24: During a council, Baligain asks his followers for support (he says that he has read about Marselis’s distress in a letter); they swear to support Marselis in his fight.
Motif References:
M 166 Other vows about fighting
P 557.0.1 (Li) Council of war
KM5-87:
462, 7: Baligain sends Clarions and Clariens as messengers to Marselis to announce the military aid. They find people in Sarragois lamenting, idols and temples are destroyed because they did not help. Pregmunda does not believe that the heathens will be able to defeat the Christians. Messengers return to Baligain and advise him to attack Karl, as he has lost many men and is in a very weak condition. Baligain instantly prepares for battle. Geneason is appointed as leader of the army.
Motif References:
KM5-88:
464, 7: Baligain visits Marselis. Pregmunda falls at his feet, laments their losses and is comforted by Baligain, who takes her under his coat. She takes him to Marselis, who begs him to look for a worthy successor to follow him. Baligain promises help and returns to his army. He cries.
Motif References:
Z 150 Other symbols
KM5-89:
465, 6: In a dream, God’s angel warns Karl of Baligain’s arrival.
Motif References:
A 182.3 God (angel) speaks to mortal
M 302.7 Prophecy through dreams
D 1810.8.3 Warning in dreams
KM5-90:
465, 42: Karl finds a cross that was brought by an angel. He never parts from it and blesses himself with it. It is kept in Aachen.
Motif References:
V 140 Sacred relics
V 232.7.1 Angel brings cross as gift to saint [pious man]
KM5-91:
465, 66: Karl’s army proceeds to Runtzeval, where Karl finds his dead nephew Rolant and mourns for him. The warriors fall to the ground and mourn their dead, their tear their hair and beards with grief.
Motif References:
F 1041.21.6 Tearing hair and clothes from excessive grief
KM5-92:
Karl cries tears of blood for Rolant. He prays for salvation of the Christians. The stone he sat on is still wet with his blood-tears. His followers finally lift him from the stone, telling him not to despair but to be a good example for his people.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
F 809 Other extraordinary stones
F 1041.21.1.1 Tears of blood from excessive grief
KM5-93:
467, 26: All dead are buried on a churchyard by bishops with incense and herbs. Their entrails are taken out and buried separately. The bodies are sewn into stag’s skins. Heavenly signs appear there. Rolant, Olyver and Turpin are embalmed and will be transported to France.
Motif References:
V 69 Funeral rites – miscellaneous
V 69.1 All dead are buried after battle
V 113.0.1 Miracles at shrine [heroes’ grave]
V 153 (Hi) Heroes’ grave
Z 292.1 (Bm) Hero’s corpse embalmed
P 683 (Bm) Embalming
KM5-94:
468, 4: Two of Baligain’s messengers demand submission and payment of tribute from Karl. Karl gets furious – he strokes his beard in annoyance – and declares war.
Motif References:
KM5-95:
470, 6: Karl gives Rolant’s sword and horn to Wyneman and Rapode, who shall now replace Olyver and Rolant. He arranges the battle formation: ten troops with courageous leaders.
Motif References:
Z 201 (Bm) Famous possessions of hero
Z 201.2 (Bm) Hero’s famous sword
P 552 Battle formations
KM5-96:
471, 57: The country of Lotrynnge (Lorraine) has the adjudged right of succession by inheritance – if there is no son, the king may enfeoff a woman. Karl himself was born there.
Motif References:
P 17 Succession to the throne
KM5-97:
472, 29: Iunffride is appointed as standard-bearer. The banner shows St Peter.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
P 550 Military affairs
KM5-98:
472, 38: The Christians pray, turned into each of the cardinal directions. Karl asks God to help the Christians as he helped Jonah, who was liberated from the whale on the third day, the three boys in the fire-oven, the king of Ninive, St Peter, whom he saved from drowning and forgave that he disavowed him three times, St Johan, whom he saved from being poisoned.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
Z 71.2.1 Formula: north, south, east, west. (The cardinal directions)
KM5-99:
473, 19: Karl gets up, lifts his right hand and blesses himself. He mounts his horse – Names and Nevelin hold his stirrups. The warriors blow their horns. Rolant’s former horn, Olyvant, is loudest. The warriors lament.
Motif References:
KM5-100:
473, 46: Sign of identification of Christian warriors: beard pulled out of armor.
Motif References:
P 551 Army
KM5-101:
474, 1: In the meantime, a Syrian spy who spent some time in the Christian army camp, behaving and praying like a Christian, reports the Christians’ eagerness for combat to Baligain.
Motif References:
P 557.0.2 (Li) Spy. Messenger
K 1835 Disguise for spying
K 2357.0.1 Disguise to spy on enemy
KM5-102:
474, 41: Baligain prepares for battle. The name of his sword is the heathen war-cry: “Preciosa”.
Motif References:
Z 201.2 (Bm) Hero’s famous sword
P 557 Military customs
KM5-103:
474, 65: Baligain’s son Malprimes is a very strong man and a ferocious fighter. He kills many Christians, but is killed by Karl.
Motif References:
F 628.2 Strong man kills men
KM5-104:
476, 16-477, 58: The battle formation of the heathen army is organized: thirty troops; commanders are appointed.
Motif References:
P 552 Battle formations
KM5-105:
476, 26: Among the warriors are those who come from Botzen roit. They have pig’s bristles on their backs.
Motif References:
F 521.1 Man covered with hair like animal
F 555 Remarkable hair
KM5-106:
476, 37: The people from Sorbes and Zors have heads as big as horse’s heads.
Motif References:
F 511 Person unusual as to his head
KM5-107:
476, 50: Baligain swears to defeat Karl and to humiliate him.
Motif References:
M 166 Other vows about fighting
KM5-108:
477, 22: The people of Ortalle are impious and bad. They fight without armor or weapons and have only small shields, as their bodies are as hard as stone.
Motif References:
F 521 Person with unusual covering
D 1841.5.1 Man proof against weapons
KM5-109:
477, 55: Baligain and the heathens swear that desertion will be punished by expropriation and hanging.
Motif References:
M 150 Other vows and oaths
KM5-110:
477, 64: The dragon on Baligain’s banner is hollow and acts as if living when animated by wind. Baligain’s standard shows Dervagant and Mahumet. The heathens also worship Appollo. The banner is set on top of the standard.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
P 550 Military affairs
F 855.2 Statues animated by water or wind
KM5-111:
478, 33: Canabeus, Baligain’s brother, arrives and encourages the warriors to pray to Dervagant, Mahumet, Apollo. The heathens lie down and pray to their idols. Baligain himself leads three troops.
Motif References:
V 1.11 Worship of idols
Z 71.1 Formulistic number: three
KM5-112:
479, 28-487, 52: Second battle of Runtzeval. The Christians chant a hymn for St Peter. Heathen war-cry: “Preciosa”, Christian war-cry: “Montzoy”. The battle starts with the Christian standard-bearer Iunffrid killing the heathen standard-bearer Ambrosie. A furious battle begins, during which blood-streams flow; warriors are strong men and mighty killers.
Motif References:
V 301 (Li) Heathens and Christians
V 350 Conflicts between religions
P 550.1 (Li) Battle. War
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
P 551 Army
P 557 Military customs
F 1084.1 Deep streams of blood flow during battle
F 1084 Furious battle [fight]
KM5-113:
480, 25: Robode (Rabode) fights with Rolant’s sword. He kills many heathens. The sound of the horn Olyvant which is blown by Wyneman makes Baligain furious.
Motif References:
Z 201 (Bm) Famous possessions of hero
Z 201.2 (Bm) Hero’s famous sword
F 833.3 Sword extraordinarily bright, sharp
KM5-114:
484, 39: On Ioleus’s advice, Baligain gathers his warriors and attacks the Christians anew.
Motif References:
P 557.0.3 (Li) Military aid (alliance)
KM5-115:
484, 56: Karl prays for the prolongation of day (belated sunset) to defeat the heathens.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
KM5-116:
485, 8-487, 44: Single combat between Karl and Baligain (first with lances, then both lances and saddles break; they fight on with swords), during which Baligain wants Karl to surrender and Karl tries to convert his opponent to Christianity. Karl gets weaker and weaker and is in danger of being defeated.
Motif References:
V 350 Conflicts between religions
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
KM5-117:
487, 5: A voice from heaven encourages Karl by prophesying that the heathens are doomed and will be defeated with God’s help. Karl regains strength and cuts off Baligain’s head. The heathens are defeated.
Motif References:
M 323 Prophecy: victory against great odds
V 550 (Bm) Voice from heaven
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
N 819.7 (Bm) Voice from heaven encourages hero
F 966 Voices from heaven (or from the air)
KM5-118:
487, 53: Karl returns to Runtzeval. He laments the dead (cries and claps his hands).
Motif References:
KM5-119:
488, 15: The heathen Queen Pregmunda, now baptized Juliane, reproaches Karl for his immoderate grieving; he should rather be a good example for his followers and appreciate that the Christians are in heaven.
Motif References:
V 331 Conversion to Christianity
V 332 Baptism of heathen
KM5-120:
489, 3: Karl swoons from grief when Rolant is laid out. Names encourages him and reproaches him with his excessive behavior. Karl can not stop crying.
Motif References:
F 1041.21.7 Swooning from grief
KM5-121:
490, 6: The Christian warriors look for their dead, but can not discern them from heathens. On Karl’s order, they pray for a distinction mark.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
KM5-122:
491, 11: God sends a messenger who announces that their prayer is answered. At sunrise, a bramble has grown next to each heathen’s corpse.
Motif References:
A 165.2.3 Angels as God’s messengers
H 192 Recognition by supernatural manifestation
V 201 God
V 235 Mortal visited by angel
E 800 The Corpse
N 817.0.1 God as helper
F 960.2 Extraordinary nature phenomena at death of holy [pious] person (hero)
KM5-123:
491, 53: The Christians are buried as martyrs, except for Rolant, Olyver, Turpin, who are laid on biers and transported to France.
Motif References:
V 69 Funeral rites – miscellaneous
V 69.1 All dead are buried after battle
KM5-124:
492, 21: Karl returns to France. The count of Fundrall mourns for his nephew Olyver. He donates gold and jewels to St Marcelle. He decides to donate his goods to monasteries, churches, hospitals for the poor for salvation of Olyver’s soul.
Motif References:
P 293 Uncle
V 430 Charity – miscellaneous motifs
KM5-125:
493, 12: Karl moves on to Balais and has the traitor Wellis, who has escaped, searched for. Otto – who has fallen in disgrace because of Wellis’s escape – pursues him, fights him in single combat and defeats him with the help of Sampson and Jorius. They bring him to Karl.
Motif References:
P 50.0.1 King and vassals: obligations of vassals to king [Feudality: mutual relationship between king and vassals]
R 211 Escape from prison
R 350 Recapture of fugitive
Q 380 Deeds punished – miscellaneous
Q 494 Loss of social position as punishment
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
KM5-126:
494, 51: Karl laments Wellis’s treachery and has him tortured. He rehabilitates Otto and begs him for forgiveness. He then entrusts Wellis to his followers.
Motif References:
P 50.0.1 King and vassals: obligations of vassals to king [Feudality: mutual relationship between king and vassals]
KM5-127:
496, 42: The corpses of Rolant, Turpin and Olyver are laid out in the church of Balais. A wake is held for them. Karl begs his sister, Berte (Rolant’s mother), to come to Balais (Rolant’s allod) as well as Gerart of Viane, Olyver’s and Alde’s father. The messengers have instructions to keep the outcome of the war to themselves, so Gerart believes that the marriage between Rolant and Alde is going to take place. He greets the messengers with kisses.
Motif References:
P 19 Other motifs connected with kings
V 69 Funeral rites – miscellaneous
KM5-128:
498, 63: Alde is a remarkably beautiful woman.
Motif References:
F 575.1 Remarkably beautiful woman
KM5-129:
500, 55: They leave the following morning. Alde rides a snow-white mule.
Motif References:
KM5-130:
501, 33-504, 58: Alde tells her prophetic dream to her chaplain Magnus: a white falcon with lace and dices bound to his feet flew over the wild sea and sat down on her head. After it was bound, it grew heavier and heavier, then carried her to a mountain where he left her. Olyver and Rolant hunted two boars in the woods. Bears killed their dogs. Rolant was attacked by a lion and cut off one of its legs with Durendart. She was attacked by an eagle, which tore off her breasts. Karl lost his left arm in the fight with the eagle.
Motif References:
Z 100 Symbolism
M 302.7 Prophecy through dreams
V 515.2 Allegorical visions – political
D 1812.3.3.5 Prophetic dream allegorical
KM5-131:
503, 9: Alde’s dream continued: Karl hunted a stag and lost her in the woods. Olyver and Rolant did not pay attention to her. They seemed to be swallowed by the earth while running. She met them again in a church, where they did not seem to recognize her either. She dreamed on that a sparrow-hawk flew out of her mouth and sat down between Rolant and Olyver.
Motif References:
KM5-132:
503, 66: Alde’s dream continued: The army and twelve pairs bit into the earth and perished in an abyss. She fears Wellis’s betrayal and Rolant’s and Olyver’s death. She dreamed further that she was lost in a forest, clad in a thin shirt, sitting on a stone, where she was found by a grey-bearded man. He took her under his cloak and carried her on top of a mountain to a monastery with monks dressed in black, where she saw Rolant’s and Olyver’s corpses.
Motif References:
KM5-133:
504, 59: The chaplain opens a book and reads; he knows already about the disaster, as he has seen it in the stars. But he interprets the dream to Alde in a positive way: The falcon symbolizes Karl, who summoned her to Balais; the eagle signifies the people who advised Rolant to marry a heathen woman. Karl’s loss of a hand signifies the warriors he lost. The sparrow-hawk symbolizes a child to be born.
Motif References:
M 341 Death prophesied
P 481 Astrologer
D 1712 Soothsayer (diviner, oracle, etc.)
D 1812.3.3.0.3 Dream interpreter corrects dream
KM5-134:
506, 30: Karl orders that his people pretend cheerfulness so not to inform Gerart about the disaster.
Motif References:
P 19 Other motifs connected with kings
KM5-135:
507, 6: Karl mounts an observation point to meet Gerart. He greets Alde with a kiss. He lies to her when she enquires about Rolant and Olyver.
Motif References:
KM5-136:
507, 33: Karl tells Gerart and his sister Berte, who has arrived in the meantime, about his losses and Wellis’s treachery under tears. They both cry.
Motif References:
KM5-137:
508, 45: Berte swoons from grief. Karl leads them into town. People cry when perceiving Olyver’s, Rolant’s and Turpin’s corpses.
Motif References:
F 1041.21.7 Swooning from grief
KM5-138:
509, 28: Alde swoons from grief and shock when perceiving Rolant and Olyver laid out in the church in Balais. She has a vision of Olyver who tells her to leave the country with him and Rolant. Waking up, she sends for a priest. A bishop takes her confession, she makes her castigations and is absolved.
Motif References:
V 29 Confession – miscellaneous motifs
V 515.2 Allegorical visions – political
F 1041.21.7 Swooning from grief
D 1812.3.3.5 Prophetic dream allegorical
KM5-139:
510, 59: Alde’s heart breaks. Angels take her soul to heaven.
Motif References:
T 81.7 Woman dies on hearing of lover’s or husband’s death
Q 147 Supernatural manifestations at death of pious person
Q 172 Reward: admission to heaven
V 249 Angels – miscellaneous motifs
V 520 Salvation
E 722.2.10 Soul taken away by God (angel)
E 754.2.2 Souls carried to heaven by angels
F 1041.1.2.2 Woman dies on hearing of her husband’s [lover’s, fiancé’s] death
KM5-140:
511, 1: Karl mourns for Alde and laments. Oyger reproaches him for this behavior: he had better act as an example for the living and bury the dead. During a mass, Olyver, Turpin and Rolant are buried, Alde between them. Karl donates riches to the church for their salvation. Karl returns home.
Motif References:
V 49 Mass – miscellaneous motifs
KM5-141:
512, 29: Karl summons a council on how to deal with Wellis. The princes advise to take him to France and summon him to law court. If he can not prove his innocence, he shall be expropriated and killed as an outlaw.
Motif References:
KM5-142:
512, 57: On his way home (crossing Pontauwe, Balene, Torone, Schartres, Bone val) Karl pretends to be happy (followers laugh, sing and play). The army has made good booty. In France, Karl tells his princes about Wellis’s treachery. The princes make different suggestions considering his punishment.
Motif References:
KM5-143:
515, 1: In St Dyonis, Karl brings an offering for the saint and prays to him for revenge and punishment of Wellis’s deed. Public mourning for the dead.
Motif References:
V 11.8 Sacrifice to saint
KM5-144:
516, 1: Otyneir of Ameys and Bone advises to treat Wellis as a noble despite his deed.
Motif References:
KM5-145:
516, 24: Wellis is brought before law court. Karl accuses him in public of treachery. Wellis denies the charges. Gundeluff of Vreyslant (Frisia) also accuses him of treachery and accepting a bribe (he got this information from a captured heathen) and challenges Wellis to judicial single combat. Wellis again repudiates the accusation and hands him his glove, thus challenging him to single combat as it is the French custom. The princes advise Karl to take hostages.
Motif References:
Z 150 Other symbols
P 510 Law courts
P 556.0.1 (Bm) Challenge to single combat [feud]
P 557.4 Customs concerning single combat
KM5-146:
517, 52: Wellis fears the fight, as he is guilty, and flees. Gundeluff pursues him.
Motif References:
R 220 Flights
KM5-147:
519, 4: Single combat between Gundeluff and Wellis. Wellis is recaptured and brought to Karl.
Motif References:
R 350 Recapture of fugitive
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
KM5-148:
520, 19-530, 1: On Karl’s request, the princes have council to judge Wellis.
Motif References:
P 510 Law courts
KM5-149:
520, 50: Pynabel, son of Wellis’s sister, comes to court with 500 men with the intention to defend Wellis. Pynabel makes a speech, his cloak is open, exposing his sword; his followers have their swords drawn; he offers to fight for Wellis.
Motif References:
P 253.0.1 Sister’s son
P 556.0.1 (Bm) Challenge to single combat [feud]
KM5-150:
521, 61: At the princes’ proposal to release Wellis (they fear Pynabel), Karl gets furious, so Duke Naymes Greybeard and Oyger offer to fight in judicial combat, which is refused by Karl because of their age. Dederich Lamp, one of Karl’s kin, very young and small, accepts Pynabel’s challenge.
Motif References:
KM5-151:
524, 8: Pynabel’s provocative address.
Motif References:
P 550 Military affairs
KM5-152:
524, 40: Agreement of combat between Pynabel and Dederich is confirmed by handing over of gloves.
Motif References:
Z 150 Other symbols
P 557.4 Customs concerning single combat
KM5-153:
524, 44: Hostages are provided as legal security on Pynabel’s side. The single combat is to take place in Aachen in the presence of the German princes.
Motif References:
P 524 Legal security
KM5-154:
525, 38: Karl gives the sword Kurtain to Dederich; it formerly belonged to Oyger.
Motif References:
KM5-155:
526, 8: Karl has relics of St Patricius brought; these reveal perjury when kissed. Dederich swears that Wellis betrayed Christians. Pynabel swears that Wellis is innocent. Both try to kiss the bones, but Pynabel does not succeed.
Motif References:
M 114.4 Swearing on sacred relics
V 140 Sacred relics
M 150 Other vows and oaths
H 251 Test of truth by magic object
D 1296 Sacred relic[s] as [part of] magic object
D 1316 Magic object reveals truth
KM5-156:
526, 50: Dederich gets Oyger’s horse Ferrant. Karl chooses some of his princes as arbitrators in single combat. Pynabel and Dederich get armed and proceed to the field of combat.
Motif References:
P 557.4 Customs concerning single combat
KM5-157:
527, 22: Single combat takes place on a green and plain field. Both Dederich and Pynabel make provocative speeches. Single combat. Dederich fights on though he is badly wounded with sword Kurtain that cuts bone and iron. Dederich is victorious. Karl thanks God.
Motif References:
W 33.1 Badly wounded warrior continues fighting
H 218 Trial by combat
L 311 Weak (small) [young] hero overcomes large fighter
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
P 557.4 Customs concerning single combat
F 833.3 Sword extraordinarily bright, sharp
KM5-158:
529, 49: Pynabel’s corpse is dismembered and hanged on the gallows in his armor like a murderer. As the gallows are situated on a hill, the corpse can be seen from far.
Motif References:
S 139.2 Slain person dismembered
Q 263 Lying (perjury) punished
Q 491 Indignity to corpse as punishment
P 555.2 Corpses of dead foes dismembered
KM5-159:
530, 23-533, 3: A law court is held to decide upon Wellis’s punishment. Wellis justifies his deed: he feared that Rolant might have done harm to his wife and child. The princes make suggestions of punishments: guide him barefoot and naked through the streets by two sticks connected with a collar, so that people may whip him; burn him alive in a thorn bush; feed him to wild beasts; throw him into dungeon without water nor food for two days, then give him salted food and expose him to heat.
Motif References:
Q 236 Punishment for deceiving (divine) emperor
Q 261 Treachery punished
Q 414.0.5 Burning as punishment for traitor
Q 415.4 Punishment: being fed to lions (wild beasts)
Q 469 Other cruel punishments
Q 473 Punishment: disgraceful journey through streets
P 510 Law courts
KM5-160:
532, 31: Karl takes up Otmer’s suggestion: Wellis is bound to four horses and dragged to death.
Motif References:
S 117 Death by dragging behind horse
Q 416.2 Punishment: dragging to death by a horse [by horses]
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