Wolfram von Eschenbach, Willehalm (1210/20)
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Chansons de Geste
Wolfram von Eschenbach, Willehalm (1210/20)
Heinzle, J. (ed.): Wolfram von Eschenbach, Willehalm. (=ATB 108) Tübingen 1994.
WvEW-1:
1, 1: This work about Gwillams de Orangis is dedicated to God.
Motif References:
WvEW-2:
2, 19: Wolfram says that he is not able to read.
Motif References:
WvEW-3:
3, 8: Hermann of Düringen (Thuringia) is Wolfram’s patron. Willehalm is the protector of knights.
Motif References:
WvEW-4:
5, 15: Count Heimrich of Narbôn disowns his seven sons in favor of the son of a loyal vassal who died in his service. They are sent to Karl’s court to become proper knights.
Motif References:
Z 71.5 Formulistic number: seven
Q 72 Loyalty rewarded
P 233.11 Birthright transferred by father from the oldest son to another [father disowns sons in favor of loyal vassal’s son]
P 251.6.3 Six or seven brothers
P 361 Faithful servant [vassal]
H 1210.1 Quest assigned by father
WvEW-5:
7, 11: The eldest son Willehalm is the subject of the story: He married Arabel, the wife of the heathen king Tibalt. She, who was baptized Giburc after conversion out of love for Willehalm. Her elopement with him caused war.
Motif References:
T 104.1 Rejected suitor wages war
T 121 Unequal marriage
Z 221 Eldest brother as hero
R 225 Elopement
V 331.5 Conversion to Christianity through love
WvEW-6:
8, 26: Terramer, Giburc’s father, sends a very large army to get his apostate daughter back. Mercenaries are in his army.
Motif References:
P 234 Father and daughter
P 550.1.1 (Li) Aggression: rebellion; usurpation; invasion; assault
WvEW-7:
6, 2: In the heathens’ enormous and richly decorated army camp the tents and banners are made of precious materials.
Motif References:
F 873.2 Enormous army (camp)[train]
WvEW-8:
16, 25: Willehalm gives a hortatory speech in which he mentions the heathen trinity Mahmet, Tervagant, Apollo.
Motif References:
WvEW-9:
17, 23-53, 21: Battle on the field of Alischanz: Both armies fight in the name of love (minne). Furious fighting in single combats (series of victories and defeats). The heathens are expensively dressed, but badly armed (they fight with clubs!), wear only fur-coats and turbans. Archers fight in their army. The heathens are superior, they always get military aid. War-cries: “Monschoi” (Christian), “Tervigant” (heathen).
Motif References:
V 301 (Li) Heathens and Christians
V 350 Conflicts between religions
P 550.1 (Li) Battle. War
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
P 551 Army
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
P 557.0.3 (Li) Military aid (alliance)
P 557 Military customs
F 1084 Furious battle [fight]
WvEW-10:
22, 10: Noupatris, king of Oraste Gentesîn, has a ruby crown as helmet crest.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
WvEW-11:
22, 30: Noupatris attacks Willehalm’s young nephew Vivianz (sister’s son).
Motif References:
Z 251 Boy hero
P 253.0.1 Sister’s son
WvEW-12:
23, 26: Noupatris’s banner is embroidered and precious; it shows Amor and symbolizes his fight in the name of love. He is finally killed by Vivianz.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
Z 150 Other symbols
P 550 Military affairs
F 899.1 Extraordinary standard [banner]
WvEW-13:
25, 14: Vivianz is seriously wounded: Noupatris’s banner sticks in his belly, his intestines are exposed, but he stuffs them in and fights on.
Motif References:
W 33.1 Badly wounded warrior continues fighting
F 1096.2 Person lives on with intestines exposed
WvEW-14:
26, 30: Among the brave and strange heathens fighting in Terramer’s army is Galafre: his skin is whiter than a swan. Terramer decides to participate in the battle himself.
Motif References:
F 527 Person of unusual color
WvEW-15:
30, 2: Joint heritage of Terramer’s sons: they will inherit his property and power together.
Motif References:
WvEW-16:
31, 21: The Christian warriors wear the sign of the cross on their clothes.
Motif References:
V 86 Sign of the Cross
WvEW-17:
35, 3: One of Terramer’s subordinate kings is Margot of Bozzidant; he rules also over Orkeise, a country situated at world’s end, without inhabitants, where the morning star rises nearby.
Motif References:
F 707 Extraordinary kingdom
F 708 Countries with one conspicuous lack
WvEW-18:
35, 10: One of Margot’s vassals is King Gorhant, whose kingdom is situated at the Ganjas. Its inhabitants are horn-skinned, their voices are not human but resemble dogs barking or cows lowing. They fight on foot and use steel-clubs as weapons. They run as fast as horses.
Motif References:
F 521 Person with unusual covering
F 556 Remarkable voice
F 558 Man covered with horn
F 681 Marvelous runner [extraordinary speed of runner]
F 707 Extraordinary kingdom
WvEW-19:
37, 6: Christians fight courageously (Willehalm’s sword: Schoiûse, his horse: Puzzat), but the heathens outnumber them.
Motif References:
Z 201.2 (Bm) Hero’s famous sword
Z 201.1 (Bm) Hero’s famous horse
WvEW-20:
40, 1: The noise the heathens make could easily wake a lion’s cubs, that are born dead and brought to life by their father’s roar.
Motif References:
B 751.4 The lion blows first life into its cubs three days after their birth
WvEW-21:
40, 20: Vivianz’s wound opens, but he still continues fighting, killing many of King Gorhant’s horn-covered warriors. Bertram and seven other warriors come to help him. They fight against the heathen armies and kill many men.
Motif References:
W 33.1 Badly wounded warrior continues fighting
F 628.2 Strong man kills men
WvEW-22:
46, 1: Vivianz is injured a second time by Halzebier, a heathen king with a broad forehead and the strength of six men, a famous knight in the service of ladies. Vivianz loses consciousness.
Motif References:
F 610.4 Man with strength of many men
WvEW-23:
47, 1: Halzebier captures the eight Christian warriors who fought with Vivianz. They are related to Willehalm and may serve as hostages in exchange for Arabel/Giburc. Vivianz regains consciousness and mounts his horse.
Motif References:
R 5 Capture on field of battle
P 533.1 Hostages
WvEW-24:
Vivianz heads for the river Larkant, guided by the archangel Kerubin to a clearing with a lime-tree and a poplar. He prays to God to live long enough to see his uncle again. Kerubin grants this and disappears.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
A 182.3 God (angel) speaks to mortal
V 232.5 Angel as guide
V 235 Mortal visited by angel
V 243 Angel answers mortal’s prayer
M 301.10 Angels as prophets
WvEW-25:
50, 1: Since most Christians have died in battle, Willehalm decides on his followers’ advice to return to Oransche. They are attacked by heathens; among them is King Poufameiz, who wears flashy armor (gleaming, decorated with jewels) that makes it easier to kill him.
Motif References:
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
F 824 Extraordinary [part of] armor
WvEW-26:
55, 28: Willehalm is the only survivor of the battle. He flees into the mountains, killing many heathens on the way. His horse wades through streams of blood.
Motif References:
R 220 Flights
Z 356 Unique survivor
F 628.2 Strong man kills men
F 1084.1 Deep streams of blood flow during battle
WvEW-27:
58, 1: Willehalm watches the enormous heathen army from the top of the mountains. He takes care of his horse.
Motif References:
F 873.2 Enormous army (camp)[train]
WvEW-28:
59, 21: Willehalm descends to the river Larkant, where he first finds Vivianz’s precious, jeweled shield and then his nephew himself apparently dead under a lime-tree. He faints with grief.
Motif References:
P 293 Uncle
F 839.2 Extraordinary shield
F 1041.21.7 Swooning from grief
WvEW-29:
62, 1: Willehalm talks to Vivianz, praises his courage and virtue. His wounds emit the smell of spices (pimento and amber): the sea should turn sweet if one of his toes were thrown into it. He remembers Vivianz’s knighting: he was knighted with 100 squires who received 200 horses and garments from Willehalm; Vivianz received a precious armor.
Motif References:
P 54 (Bm) Knighting custom
F 1099 Additional marvels
WvEW-30:
65, 2: Vivianz regains consciousness and perceives his uncle, as the angel promised him. He confesses his sins: he broke his vow never to flee from a Saracen. Willehalm has a consecrated wafer in his bag, which he got from the abbot of St German; so Vivianz can communicate.
Motif References:
V 29 Confession – miscellaneous motifs
V 39 Sacrament – miscellaneous motifs
V 59 Prayers answered – miscellaneous
M 161 Vow never to flee in fear of death
M 391 Fulfillment of prophecy
WvEW-31:
69, 10: Vivianz dies; at the moment when soul and body part, his body emanates the smell of burning aloe trees.
Motif References:
Q 147 Supernatural manifestations at death of pious person
Z 292 Death of hero [heroine]
E 821 Sweet smell from corpse
F 1099 Additional marvels
WvEW-32:
69, 29: Willehalm intends to return to Oransche with Vivianz’s corpse tied to his horse. Because he is often attacked by heathens, he leaves his nephew’s corpse behind to defend himself. He returns to hold wake for Vivianz and fights with 15 heathen kings who gather their dead and hold wake for them.
Motif References:
WvEW-33:
72 languages are spoken in the world.
Motif References:
Z 71.14 Formulistic number: seventy-two
WvEW-34:
Willehalm kills seven of the 15 kings, eight of them flee. He spares Giburc’s son born from her first marriage with Tibalt (Ehmereiz).
Motif References:
P 205 Refusal to fight relatives
L 325.1 (Bm) Victory over superior force: one against many
F 628.2 Strong man kills men
WvEW-35:
77, 1: When the heathen kings Tenebruns and Arofel of Persia, Terramer’s brother, attack him, Willehalm first kills Tenebruns, then fights in single combat with Arofel, a very noble-minded heathen fighting with a famous sword. Willehalm defeats him and cuts off his head despite his offer of ransom.
Motif References:
V 301.1 (Li) The high-minded, noble heathen
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
WvEW-36:
81, 23: Willehalm puts on Arofel’s armor and takes his horse, followed by his own faithful horse Puzzat, which is seriously wounded. He rides towards the besieged Oransche, crossing the enemy’s lines unidentified, speaking the heathen language.
Motif References:
P 557.0.4 (Li) Siege
K 2357.7 Disguise in killed enemy’s clothes to enter enemy’s castle [to cross besieging enemy’s lines]
WvEW-37:
84, 17: But parts of his armor showing underneath his disguise and Puzzat’s saddlery reveal that he is a Christian. The heathens attack him with bows and lassos.
Motif References:
H 119 Identification by cloth or clothing – miscellaneous
H 151.6.2 Recognition because of imperfection of disguise
WvEW-38:
86, 2: Tesereiz, a very noble-minded heathen, comes to support Giburc and offers single combat in the name of love (minne). He tries to convert Willehalm to heathendom, but he is killed. Willehalm is again attacked, but manages to escape into a forest of chestnut-trees overgrown with vines and proceeds to Oransche.
Motif References:
V 301.1 (Li) The high-minded, noble heathen
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
WvEW-39:
88, 29: Willehalm is neither recognized by the chaplain Steven nor by his wife. To prove his identity, he frees Christian prisoners who are mistreated by heathens who believe him to be a heathen king because of his disguise. Then he shows the scar on his nose to Giburc and is let in. They mourn for their dead. Giburc shows manly courage (she speaks like a man) when learning about Terramer’s arrival.
Motif References:
R 51 Mistreatment of prisoners
H 51 Recognition by scar
R 110 Rescue of captive
H 195 (Bm) Failure to recognize
K 2357.7 Disguise in killed enemy’s clothes to enter enemy’s castle [to cross besieging enemy’s lines]
WvEW-40:
96, 6: Oransche is attacked by the besiegers. The besieged (women and children) get ready to defend themselves with stones. The heathens put up camps at each of the five doors.
Motif References:
WvEW-41:
99, 8: Giburc takes care of her husband: she removes his armor, dresses his wounds (prepared dittane in vinegar and bean-blossoms); Willehalm sleeps at her breast. Giburc prays for her death, as she feels guilty for the losses of the Christians. She advises her husband to ask the king for help.
Motif References:
V 50 Prayer
T 299.1 Sleeping with head laid in wife’s lap as sign of tenderness
WvEW-42:
105, 1: Before leaving, Willehalm gives an oath to stay faithful and to eat and drink nothing but bread and water until he will have saved his wife. He leaves Oransche unidentified, disguised in Arofel’s armor and speaking the heathen language.
Motif References:
M 131 Vow of chastity [fidelity]
M 150 Other vows and oaths
T 210 Faithfulness in marriage
K 2357.7 Disguise in killed enemy’s clothes to enter enemy’s castle [to cross besieging enemy’s lines]
WvEW-43:
109, 17: Quarrel between Terramer and Giburc: he menaces her with death (choice: drowning, burning, hanging) in case she does not return to heathendom; Giburc refuses, so Terramer brings up war-machines.
Motif References:
V 350 Conflicts between religions
WvEW-44:
111, 15: Giburc invents a ruse to defend the castle: she places helmets on the heads of the dead warriors and shields along the pinnacles, thus pretending to dispose of many warriors.
Motif References:
K 2368 Enemy deceived into overestimating opponents: (retreat)
WvEW-45:
112, 22: On his journey to Munlêûn, the judge of Orlens demands payment of toll from Willehalm (115,26). Willehalm’s refusal (he argues that he is a knight, not a merchant, and that he did not damage the seeds) causes a fight during which the judge is killed. Willehalm leaves the town, attacking the burghers a last time with his war-cry “Monschoi”.
Motif References:
P 532 Payment of tax (tribute) [toll]
J 1766 One person mistaken for another
WvEW-46:
115, 7: Ernalt of Narbôn is woken up by the noise and pursues his unrecognized brother Willehalm, as he used the war-cry contributed to the royal family. Willehalm’s armor is rusty (116,4).
Motif References:
P 557 Military customs
WvEW-47:
117, 27: Recognition after single combat (Willehalm unhorses Ernalt): Willehalm recognizes Ernalt by name, Ernalt Willehalm by voice. Willehalm refuses his kiss, as he will not kiss anyone until Giburc’s liberation. Ernalt asks Willehalm about their young relatives whom Giburc has taken with her to educate (120,14). Willehalm informs him about the battle of Alischanz and Vivianz’s death. Ernalt advises him to go to court to Munlêûn, where he will get help; he cries with grief and sends for his vassals and kinsmen for help.
Motif References:
H 151.10 Combat of unknown brothers [relatives, unrecognized friends] brings about recognition
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
N 733.1 Brothers unwittingly fight each other
WvEW-48:
125, 4: On his way to Munlêûn, Willehalm takes accommodation in a monastery, where he leaves behind his (Arofel’s) costly shield. He still wears Arofel’s precious armor; his gown is made of transparent silk and decorated with jewels.
Motif References:
F 824 Extraordinary [part of] armor
WvEW-49:
126, 8: At court, he is not received properly (people avoid him), as he is dirty and rusty and is armed – this is not an appropriate dress for a courtly feast. In case he had come for a tournament, he would have brought his armor on a mule. He sits down in the shadow of an olive-tree and a lime-tree.
Motif References:
WvEW-50:
129, 18: His sister, the king’s wife, refuses to receive him, as his love for Giburc has caused the war.
Motif References:
P 253 Sister and brother
WvEW-51:
130, 17: Willehalm is accommodated by the rich merchant Wimar (of noble birth), but refuses any comfort offered, due to the oath given to Giburc: he sleeps on grass, eats bread, drinks water and refuses noble food (game, fish, meat, roasted peacock, pheasant, capon, fish (lamprete) in jelly, partridges).
Motif References:
P 324.1 Host treats guest with food and everything possible
P 431 Merchant
WvEW-52:
137, 1: The following day, Willehalm gets fully armed. He rides to court and leaves his horse tied to an olive-tree. As Wimar spreads the news of his arrival, he is welcomed properly this time. His armor is rusty (140,18), and he does not leave his sword outside but lays it down on his knees when seated (141,5).
Motif References:
WvEW-53:
142, 24: The king and his entourage enter. The chamberlains show the guests to their seats with their staffs; persons highest in rank are greeted and greet with kisses. Heimrich enters; a baron carries his sword before him. The king gets up and escorts him to the queen. Willehalm is not greeted.
Motif References:
P 632 Customs concerning recognition of rank
WvEW-54:
145, 2: Willehalm attacks the king, his brother-in-law, reminding him that he, Willehalm, once forced the princes to choose him as king. Willehalm is recognized and welcomed by his brothers; they embrace him.
Motif References:
P 11 Choice of kings
P 17 Succession to the throne
P 263 Brother-in-law
WvEW-55:
147, 6: At Lois’s promise of help, his wife refuses this, thus causing Willehalm’s anger: He tears off her crown, grabs her plaits; he is prevented from killing her by Irmschart.
Motif References:
W 185 Violence of temper
P 253 Sister and brother
WvEW-56:
148, 29: Willehalm is welcomed by his father Heimrich; he refuses to kiss him, referring to Giburc’s distress. He gives an account of the events at Alischanz. The listeners weep prodigiously and wring their hands. Irmschart admonishes them to moderate their behavior (152,11). Willehalm is again enraged at his sister.
Motif References:
WvEW-57:
154, 1: Alise, Lois’s daughter, Willehalm’s niece, a remarkably beautiful woman, manages to calm him: She falls at his feet and begs him to make peace with her mother (155,27). He refuses her prostration, as her rank is higher than his.
Motif References:
P 293 Uncle
P 298 Niece
F 575.1 Remarkably beautiful woman
WvEW-58:
160, 20: Irmschart offers financial help for warfare (for mercenaries) from her treasure; she even wants to participate in the fight.
Motif References:
WvEW-59:
163, 11: When the queen learns about the death of her son Vivianz, who was educated at Willehalm’s court, she decides to arrange military aid (pays for mercenaries) for Willehalm (165,14).
Motif References:
WvEW-60:
169, 6: Willehalm’s sister and his brothers grant support for Willehalm and beg Lois to join in (they fall at his feet); But Lois refuses, referring to Willehalm’s attack on his wife. Bertram cries over the losses of the army.
Motif References:
M 166 Other vows about fighting
P 557.0.3 (Li) Military aid (alliance)
WvEW-61:
173, 1-186, 9: On Heimrich’s advice, a feast is held at court despite their distress. Willehalm refuses to wash and put on more festive clothes (his sister does not want him to go naked), but compromises: he wears his rusty armor underneath a silk garment.
Motif References:
P 634 Feasts
WvEW-62:
Seating plan: the queen and Alise sit on one side of the table, Heimrich and Irmschart opposite. Willehalm wants to be seated beside the merchant Wimar and gives him 200 gold marks as a reward for his hospitality. Willehalm eats bread and drinks water according to the promise given to Giburc (he refuses game, meat, spiced wine, mulberry wine, wine and mead).
Motif References:
Q 45 Hospitality rewarded
Q 111.2 Riches as reward (for hospitality)
P 632 Customs concerning recognition of rank
WvEW-63:
Grief and sorrow have also damaged Willehalm’s appearance: His breast has sunken for one hand’s breadth on the left side.
Motif References:
F 1041.21 Reactions to excessive grief
WvEW-64:
177, 11: After the meal, Willehalm repeats his call for help to the king. Lois still hesitates, whereupon Willehalm jumps on the table and accuses him of cowardice. He threatens to break his oath of fealty if Lois refuses to help.
Motif References:
P 50.0.1 King and vassals: obligations of vassals to king [Feudality: mutual relationship between king and vassals]
W 185 Violence of temper
WvEW-65:
183, 2: After the council, Lois decides to grant military aid. He promises fiefs and goods for help.
Motif References:
P 557.0.3 (Li) Military aid (alliance)
WvEW-66:
184, 21: Preparations of war. Oaths of support and loyalty are sworn, mercenary troops are engaged; archers are in the army. Punishment for desertion: outlawing. Hoisting of sack and rope symbolizes the king’s decision. Meeting in Munlêûn is fixed in ten days’ time.
Motif References:
Z 150 Other symbols
M 166 Other vows about fighting
M 500 (Bm) Threats
P 550 Military affairs
WvEW-67:
187, 1: Courtly amusements: watching of knightly exercises that take place on the space between the great hall (palas) and a lime-tree (throwing the spear, fighting with clubs, jousting, jumping).
Motif References:
WvEW-68:
187, 30: The kitchen-boy Rennewart enters: He has the strength of six men and is able to carry a weight that normally only three mules can lift. He is of noble birth and very handsome – the marks of nobility are visible underneath dirt and soot. He is compared to an eaglet, whose father tests its strength by having it gaze at the sun watching if it closes its eyes. If it does so, it is dropped out of the nest, which certainly has not happened to Rennewart.
Motif References:
H 41 Recognition of royalty [nobility] by personal characteristics or traits
L 101 Unpromising [clumsy] hero
L 113.1.2 Stable [kitchen]-boy as hero
L 131 Hearth abode of unpromising hero (heroine)
Z 251 Boy hero
F 575.2 Handsome man
F 610 Remarkably strong man
B 751.3 Eagle tests eaglets by having them gaze at sun
WvEW-69:
189, 28: Rennewart is twice ridden over by pages and finally throws one of them against a pillar. The others flee.
Motif References:
W 185 Violence of temper
F 624.8 Strong man throws opponent into the air [against pillar]
WvEW-70:
190, 25: Lois tells Willehalm Rennewart’s story: he is of noble birth, but refuses to be baptized and is therefore kept in a humiliating position. He was a present given to him by a group of merchants who had purchased him in Persia. He is a very handsome boy.
Motif References:
S 221 Child sold (promised) for money [Child given as present]
V 335 (Bm) Refusal to change religion
P 431 Merchant
Q 482 Punishment: noble person must do menial service
WvEW-71:
191, 19: Willehalm gets Rennewart as a page on his request. He addresses the boy in heathen language (chaldean and coatisch) which he learned during captivity.
Motif References:
WvEW-72:
193, 2: Rennewart tells his story: He is from Mekka, where Mahomet levitated because of his holiness. He feels attracted to Christendom and laments his humiliating position because of his refusal of baptism. Willehalm promises to help him.
Motif References:
V 215 (Hi) Heathen gods
V 335 (Bm) Refusal to change religion
Q 482 Punishment: noble person must do menial service
E 800 The Corpse
F 1099 Additional marvels
D 2135.0.1 Levitation
WvEW-73:
195, 12: Willehalm gives the Jew who equips the royal army orders to dress Rennewart in an appropriate way (parts of armor: armor, woolen trousers, gown of camel wool, shoes, white garments).
Motif References:
P 715.1 Jews
WvEW-74:
196, 16: The young hero Rennewart chooses a big, iron-clad rod made of beech wood as a weapon, so heavy that six men would not be able to carry it. He prefers to fight on foot.
Motif References:
Z 201 (Bm) Famous possessions of hero
F 835.2.1 Iron club [pole] so heavy that five [several] men can hardly lift it
WvEW-75:
198, 18: Army-meeting and army-review take place after ten days in Munlêûn. The king – accompanied by falcons – inspects his troops.
Motif References:
WvEW-76:
198: Rennewart destroys pans and pots in the kitchen, as his hair was singed. (Willehalm calms him: his hair was too long anyway: he should have it cut at ear-length).
Motif References:
L 131 Hearth abode of unpromising hero (heroine)
WvEW-77:
199, 15: Departure for Orlens. The queen finances some of the troops from her own treasure.
Motif References:
WvEW-78:
200, 26: Rennewart forgets his rod in the kitchen, as it was hidden by mischievous cooks; he returns, kills the cook and joins Willehalm again.
Motif References:
L 101 Unpromising [clumsy] hero
WvEW-79:
202, 19: In the meantime, the monastery where Willehalm left his (Arofel’s) shield has burned down (the shield was decorated with jewels and worth more than the 1000 marks that are the monastery’s revenues). At Lois’s enquiry why he owns such an expensive shield, Willehalm gives an account of the battle and of his combat with Arofel (whom he killed despite his offer of ransom: gold from Koukesas). He praises Arofel’s and Tesereiz’s courage and virtue.
Motif References:
F 839.2 Extraordinary shield
WvEW-80:
210, 1: In Orlens, King Lois gives a speech, reassuring his vassals of his support if they keep to their feudal duties.
Motif References:
P 50.0.1 King and vassals: obligations of vassals to king [Feudality: mutual relationship between king and vassals]
WvEW-81:
211, 7: Willehalm is entrusted with the supreme command – this act is symbolized by handing over of the king’s banner. Lois reminds Willehalm of the war-cry “Monschoi”. The princes are glad to have to obey a noble, not a minister (like a chamberlain, marshal, cup-bearer, and lord high steward). In the meantime, Rennewart takes leave from Alise, who kisses him goodbye.
Motif References:
P 50.0.1 King and vassals: obligations of vassals to king [Feudality: mutual relationship between king and vassals]
Z 150 Other symbols
P 550 Military affairs
WvEW-82:
215, 1: In the meantime, at Oransche, Terramer tries to convince his beloved daughter (who often wears armor herself) to return to heathendom. If she does not, he will have to kill her on order of the priests. Giburc refuses and tells her father that she will stay faithful to the Christian God and to Willehalm, who was captured on the battlefield by Sînagûn and held prisoner at Tibalt’s court, wherefrom she fled with him and endured the depreciation of rank.
Motif References:
R 5 Capture on field of battle
T 32.1 Lovers’ meeting: hero in heroine’s father’s [husband’s] prison from which she helps him to escape
P 63 (Bm) Lady in armor (and battle)
T 91.6.4.1 Sultan’s [heathen king’s] daughter [wife] in love with captured [exiled] knight
R 162 Rescue by captor’s daughter (wife, mother)[niece]
R 225 Elopement
V 331.5 Conversion to Christianity through love
V 351 Duel (debate) to prove which religion is better
N 831 Girl [woman] as helper
WvEW-83:
Oransche is attacked with war-machines, and then Terramer’s army withdraws to get new supplies. Parts of the town are on fire. The approaching Christian army perceives the fire-blaze.
Motif References:
WvEW-84:
226, 25: Giburc and her ladies put on their armor and take their weapons, as they believe that the approaching Christians are heathens.
Motif References:
P 63 (Bm) Lady in armor (and battle)
F 565.1 Amazons. Women warriors
WvEW-85:
228, 8: Willehalm is at first neither recognized by the people nor by his wife. Finally, he is recognized by voice; Giburc faints with joy. She carries the keys of the castle always with her to prevent that a traitor opens the doors to the enemy.
Motif References:
H 79.3 Recognition by voice
H 195 (Bm) Failure to recognize
J 670 Forethought in defences against others
F 1041.25.1 (Bm) Swoon from joy
WvEW-86:
229, 16: She finally lets her husband in. She is rusty from her armor. The author compares her to the Amazons Karpîte and Kamille of Volkan; she is said to have shot with the crossbow and stones and bluffed the besieging army by moving dead warriors along the pinnacles. They retire to their rooms. Willehalm sends messengers to Christian nobles. The Christian army puts up camps. Knights exercise: falconry, riding, knightly exercise (236,1). Wolfram says that his knowledge of French is worse than that of a peasant in the Champagne (237,3).
Motif References:
P 63 (Bm) Lady in armor (and battle)
F 565.1 Amazons. Women warriors
K 2368 Enemy deceived into overestimating opponents: (retreat)
WvEW-87:
240, 26: Among the Christian warriors are Schilbert of Tandarnas and Heimrich the Schetis, sons of Heimrich of Narbôn. Both are impecunious, as they are younger sons and fight in the pay of the Venetians against the patriarch of Aglei (Aquileia). Willehalm receives dukes, barons and counts and invites them to the great hall (palas).
Motif References:
P 59.1 (Bm) Impecunious knight
WvEW-88:
246, 24: Giburc and the ladies take off their armors, wash off rust and get dressed in precious clothes. Giburc instructs them to keep their suffering to themselves and show courtly manners and joy instead. The coat worn open reveals her extraordinary beauty.
Motif References:
F 575.1 Remarkably beautiful woman
WvEW-89:
249, 16: Heimrich gives precedence to his son Schilbert of Tandarnas and escorts him and Heimrich to Giburc, who greets the princes with kisses in a certain order (Heimrich told her to first greet the people who are not closely related to her). She laments the dead. Heimrich admonishes her to behave moderately.
Motif References:
P 632 Customs concerning recognition of rank
WvEW-90:
256, 18: Giburc tells Heimrich that her son Ehmereiz offered compensation of the damage done to Willehalm’s country under the conditions of Karl’s law if she renounced from Christianity. She refused this despite the offer of the golden Koukesas and of the liberation of the Christian hostages.
Motif References:
F 752.1 Mountain of gold
WvEW-91:
259, 4: Giburc says that the miracle on the battlefield indicates the salvation of the souls of the Christian warriors: their corpses lay in stone-sarcophagi which appeared miraculously.
Motif References:
Q 147 Supernatural manifestations at death of pious person
V 520 Salvation
E 754 Saved souls
E 800 The Corpse
F 852 Extraordinary coffin [sarkophag]
F 1099 Additional marvels
WvEW-92:
259, 22: A feast takes place. Heimrich acts as host, as Willehalm’s ministers (lord high steward, cup-bearer, marshal, chamberlain) have died, and escorts the guests to their seats due to their rank. He has a staff like the chamberlain (263,13). Mulberry-wine, spiced wine and wine are served.
Motif References:
P 632 Customs concerning recognition of rank
P 634 Feasts
WvEW-93:
266, 10: Giburc tells her father-in-law about the battle-events; only her son, Ehmereiz, and kings Noupatris and Thesereiz spared her, the others attacked Oransche despite her being a fragile woman.
Motif References:
P 231 Mother and son
WvEW-94:
269, 1: Willehalm, having fulfilled his oath, may now eat and drink anything he likes.
Motif References:
M 202 Fulfilling of bargain or promise
T 210 Faithfulness in marriage
WvEW-95:
270, 12: Rennewart, a very handsome boy, has started growing a beard as a result of Alise’s kiss. His beauty indicates his noble origin; but nobility stays undeveloped without right education.
Motif References:
T 24 The symptoms of love
H 41 Recognition of royalty [nobility] by personal characteristics or traits
F 575.2 Handsome man
WvEW-96:
Heimrich has Rennewart sit down beside Giburc on the carpet according to the seating plan. He towers over her even then; their resemblance becomes obvious.
Motif References:
F 533 Remarkably tall man
WvEW-97:
274, 27: Rennewart eats loads of food and drinks a lot (mulberry-wine, spiced wine, wine), so he loses his temper when pages try to lift his rod and drop it.
Motif References:
F 632 Mighty eater
WvEW-98:
277, 11: After the meal, Willehalm inspects the army, while Giburc takes care of Heimrich.
Motif References:
WvEW-99:
282, 5: Rennewart goes to bed in the kitchen. His story is told: He was stolen right away from his nurse’s breast and then bought by merchants who – knowing about his high birth – educated him and taught him French in order to give him, a remarkably handsome boy, as a present to the Roman king. At court, Rennewart was given as a playmate to Alise, the king’s daughter, with whom he soon fell in love. As Rennewart refused baptism, the children were separated and Rennewart had to do menial service.
Motif References:
R 10.3 Children abducted
T 23 (Bm) Childhood sweethearts
T 31 Lovers’ meeting: hero in service of [given as playmate to] heroine
T 91.6.4 Princess falls in love with lowly boy
T 97 Father opposed to daughter’s marriage [sweetheart]
L 131 Hearth abode of unpromising hero (heroine)
S 221 Child sold (promised) for money [Child given as present]
V 335 (Bm) Refusal to change religion
P 431 Merchant
Q 482 Punishment: noble person must do menial service
F 575.2 Handsome man
WvEW-100:
285, 23: At night, a mischievous cook singes Rennewart’s beard and lips with a gleaming piece of wood. Rennewart throws him into the fire. He laments the loss of his beard grown from Alise’s kiss.
Motif References:
T 24 The symptoms of love
S 112 Burning to death
S 160 Mutilations
Q 414 Punishment: burning alive
WvEW-101:
289, 11: Rennewart is comforted by Giburc, who takes him under her cloak (291,4). She feels a strong familiarity towards him and asks him about his family.
Motif References:
Z 150 Other symbols
WvEW-102:
293, 13: Rennewart says that he will support Willehalm in his fight against the heathens. Giburc provides armor for him. It once belonged to Sinagun, who wore it when fighting with Willehalm, who was captured undefeated and brought as a prisoner to Tibalt’s country wherefrom Giburc fled with him.
Motif References:
R 5 Capture on field of battle
R 225 Elopement
V 339.1.1 (Bm) Christian leads Saracen army [Heathen fights in Christian army]
WvEW-103:
Armor, sword and helmet are very precious and jeweled. Rennewart still prefers his rod to a sword.
Motif References:
F 824 Extraordinary [part of] armor
WvEW-104:
296, 25-311, 6: After mass, a council of war takes place at court; Giburc participates.
Motif References:
P 557.0.1 (Li) Council of war
WvEW-105:
297, 5: Willehalm appeals to the princes for help, giving examples of the heathens’ cruelty: they cut off women’s breasts, torture children, slay men or use them as targets. Eight Christians are in heathen captivity. He reminds the princes of their guarantee of help they and the king had given at his enfeoffment with those countries that Tibalt now claims as his own (banner estate).
Motif References:
P 50.0.1 King and vassals: obligations of vassals to king [Feudality: mutual relationship between king and vassals]
M 150 Other vows and oaths
S 176 Mutilation: sex organs cut off
S 180 Wounding or torturing
WvEW-106:
298, 14: Willehalm gives an account of the events: first he conquered Nimes disguised as a merchant with his chariot, then, imprisoned by Tibalt, he wooed Giburc, Tibalt’s wife, who fell in love with him, converted to Christianity and eloped with him, causing the war. He again begs for help referring to the knightly oath: save widows and orphans.
Motif References:
T 32.1 Lovers’ meeting: hero in heroine’s father’s [husband’s] prison from which she helps him to escape
T 91.6.4.1 Sultan’s [heathen king’s] daughter [wife] in love with captured [exiled] knight
R 225 Elopement
V 331.5 Conversion to Christianity through love
K 1817.4 Disguise as merchant
K 2357.10 Disguise as merchant to enter enemy’s castle
WvEW-107:
300, 1: Heimrîch and then Bernart speak up, guarantee help and encourage the other princes to help as well.
Motif References:
M 166 Other vows about fighting
WvEW-108:
302, 1: Some of the princes (sent by Lois) try to retreat, but are held up at Pitit Punt by Rennewart and forced to return.
Motif References:
W 121 Cowardice
P 551.4 Hero drives retreating warriors back into battle
WvEW-109:
304, 19: The Christians wear the sign of the cross attached to their clothes.
Motif References:
V 86 Sign of the Cross
WvEW-110:
306, 1: Giburc’s speech for religious tolerance: Everyone is God’s creature and a heathen in his mother’s womb until he is baptized (or circumcised in Judaism). Angels were chased from the tenth choir in heaven because they rebelled against God; mankind was created to take their place. Mankind also rebels against God, but may be forgiven, as it was tempted to sin by bad advice. The angels still persecute men to regain their former place. As God is merciful, so should be Christian warriors. She deplores that her conversion caused the war.
Motif References:
V 350 Conflicts between religions
WvEW-111:
311, 1: Gibert, Heimrich’s brother, embraces her; he cries. The council is ended; the princes move to the great hall (palas), where they take the same seats as the day before.
Motif References:
WvEW-112:
311, 14: The knights try to lift Rennewart’s rod, but only Willehalm manages to heave it knee-high. Rennewart whirls it around like a little twig. He is seated next to Giburc and stays fully armed during the meal.
Motif References:
F 610 Remarkably strong man
F 835.2.1 Iron club [pole] so heavy that five [several] men can hardly lift it
WvEW-113:
314, 1: Rennewart again forgets his rod, which is brought in a cart, as it is too heavy. The following morning, he forgets it a third time in the camp which was burned at their departure. He runs back in full armor, and finds his rod carbonized and hardened.
Motif References:
L 101 Unpromising [clumsy] hero
F 681 Marvelous runner [extraordinary speed of runner]
F 835.2.1 Iron club [pole] so heavy that five [several] men can hardly lift it
WvEW-114:
321, 1: Many cowardly princes withdraw even before battle. They fear the Saracens’ poisoned arrows and elf-shot. Rennewart forces them back into battle at Pitit Punt.
Motif References:
W 121 Cowardice
P 551.4 Hero drives retreating warriors back into battle
P 553.1 Poisoned weapons
F 831.3 Poisoned arrows
D 2066 Elfshot. Magic shooting of object into person’s (or animal’s) body
WvEW-115:
328, 6: The imperial banner is hauled down because of the princes’ cowardly retreat; a new banner is hoisted: a gold star on blue silk.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
Z 150 Other symbols
P 550 Military affairs
WvEW-116:
328, 13: Battle formation of Christian army: divided into five troops. Each troop has its own war-cry (Willehalm’s: “Monschoi”). The cowardly warriors return with Rennewart.
Motif References:
P 552 Battle formations
P 557 Military customs
WvEW-117:
332, 21: The imperial cross-banner is hoisted again after Rennewart’s return with the cowardly warriors. He is entrusted with their command. “Rennewart” is their war-cry.
Motif References:
V 86 Sign of the Cross
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
Z 150 Other symbols
P 550 Military affairs
WvEW-118:
333, 12: In the meantime, a Christian warrior secretly moves away from his army and fights a heathen spy in single combat. The heathen returns to Terramer and tells him about the Christians’ preparations for battle.
Motif References:
P 557.0.2 (Li) Spy. Messenger
WvEW-119:
338, 15: Terramer claims the Roman crown, as Pompejus is his ancestor.
Motif References:
P 90 Royalty and nobility – miscellaneous
WvEW-120:
339, 3-353, 18: The heathens have council of war; arrangement of battle formation in a long and official act (ten troops). Terramer’s ten sons are appointed as commanders of the fourth troop, Terramer himself leads the tenth troop. Archers are in his army.
Motif References:
Z 71.16.2 Formulistic number: ten
P 552 Battle formations
P 557.0.1 (Li) Council of war
WvEW-121:
One of the leaders, King Gorhant of Ganjas, has a green and horny skin.
Motif References:
F 521 Person with unusual covering
F 527.2 Green knight
F 558 Man covered with horn
WvEW-122:
352, 1: The heathens put their gilded and jeweled idols on masts and have them carried into battle on carts drawn by oxen.
Motif References:
V 1.11 Worship of idols
F 855 Extraordinary image
WvEW-123:
354, 14: Terramer laments having to fight his daughter; he compares the situation to David fighting Absalom which he once read about.
Motif References:
WvEW-124:
356, 1: Terramer is dressed and armed by his princes (parts of armor: chausses, gambeson, jacket, collar, gorget, helmet, spurs). The edge of his lance is a griffin’s claw, his quiver is made of one single ruby.
Motif References:
P 13 Customs connected with kings
F 826 Extraordinary jewels
F 831 Extraordinary arrow [and quiver]
F 832 Extraordinary lance
WvEW-125:
357, 14: Terramer is quite discouraged by the miraculous appearance of stone-coffins (sent by Christ) containing the undecayed corpses of the Christian warriors. He arranges the riding formation of his princes. Some of them are told to take care of the chariot transporting idols.
Motif References:
V 1.11 Worship of idols
Q 147 Supernatural manifestations at death of pious person
E 800 The Corpse
F 852 Extraordinary coffin [sarkophag]
F 1099 Additional marvels
D 2167 Corpse magically saved from corruption
WvEW-126:
360, 29-445, 17: The second battle of Alischanz begins. Furious battle, series of single combats. The armies fight in the name of love (minne). Ten heathen troops fight one after the other.
Motif References:
V 301 (Li) Heathens and Christians
V 350 Conflicts between religions
P 550.1 (Li) Battle. War
P 550.2 (Li) Single combat
P 551 Army
F 1084 Furious battle [fight]
WvEW-127:
364, 21: The heathen’s armors are very precious. Ehmereiz wears a gleaming garment made of the silk Pofuz.
Motif References:
F 821.1 Dress of extraordinary material
WvEW-128:
366, 21: Tibalt wears a salamander’s skin which is whiter than snow. Also his shield is covered with it.
Motif References:
B 731.0.1 Animals of strange and varied coloring
F 824 Extraordinary [part of] armor
F 839.2 Extraordinary shield
WvEW-129:
368, 21: Sinagun’s horse Passilifrier looks like a dragon: its hide looks as if brindled with fire-sparks.
Motif References:
B 731.0.1 Animals of strange and varied coloring
WvEW-130:
373, 3: Duke Bernart tries to take hostages to exchange them for his son Berhtram.
Motif References:
WvEW-131:
375, 12: King Poidjus of Uriende is a very famous and rich king. One of his sources of wealth is gold that he takes off griffins’ claws; he owns the forest Lingnâlôê, has the right of coinage in Kaukasus and collects tithe.
Motif References:
B 42.0.1 (Hi) Griffin’s gold
WvEW-132:
376, 29: His helmet is made of the jewel Antrax.
Motif References:
F 824 Extraordinary [part of] armor
F 826 Extra, 12ordinary jewels
WvEW-133:
377, 12: Through the country of Poidjus of Uriende flow rivers rising in the Koukasas that carry incandescent jewels. Mountains of gold belong to him.
Motif References:
F 715 Extraordinary river
F 752.1 Mountain of gold
F 826 Extraordinary jewels
D 1645.1 Incandescent jewel
WvEW-134:
379, 24: Tedalun carries Poidjus’s banner showing the animal Ecidemon which was also Feirafiz’s coat-of-arms; he wants to make hostages as pledge for Giburc.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
P 550 Military affairs
WvEW-135:
382, 2: The banner of Aropatin, another heathen king, shows a tower, symbolizing his far-reaching power enabling him to collect tribute. He fights with Heimrich of Narbôn, who disinherited his sons in favor of another person; they have to gain glory in foreign countries.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
Z 150 Other symbols
P 233.11 Birthright transferred by father from the oldest son to another [father disowns sons in favor of loyal vassal’s son]
P 550 Military affairs
WvEW-136:
386, 2: The banner of the heathen King Josweiz shows a swan with black feet and bill, symbolizing his descent of a white father and a black mother.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
T 121 Unequal marriage
Z 140 Color symbolism
P 550 Military affairs
WvEW-137:
395, 2: Margot of Bozzidant rides into battle on a mare, which is very unusual in the occident – here, warriors use stallions.
Motif References:
WvEW-138:
395, 15: The army of Gorhant of Ganjas fights on foot, as the warriors run faster than horses. Their weapons are their green horn-skin and steel rods.
Motif References:
F 521 Person with unusual covering
F 527.2 Green knight
F 558 Man covered with horn
F 681 Marvelous runner [extraordinary speed of runner]
WvEW-139:
397, 6: The Christians start fighting ferociously again: different war-cries.
Motif References:
WvEW-140:
397, 25: The corpses of heathen knights serve as bridges over deep streams of blood.
Motif References:
F 1084.1 Deep streams of blood flow during battle
WvEW-141:
398, 20: Terramer finally arrives with great noise. His warriors wear strange helmet crests (400,23).
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
WvEW-142:
406, 6: Heimrich of Narbôn wears precious garments with ruby and emerald buttons. On his front and back he wears a three-beamed cross (signum tau) symbolizing Christ’s death and resembling the cross that the Israelites painted on the doors with lamb’s blood to prevent God’s revenge. Heimrich fights ferociously. He does not have his face covered with his helmet, as it has only a nose guard.
Motif References:
V 86 Sign of the Cross
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
Z 150 Other symbols
F 820 Extraordinary clothing and ornaments
WvEW-143:
409, 18: Kliboris of Tananarke, a heathen king, has a boat as helmet crest; he is richly clad: transparent jewels dangle down from gold-threads.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
F 827 Extraordinary ornaments
WvEW-144:
410, 17: Kliboris attacks Bernart of Brûbant, who fights with his double-edged sword Prezjôse, which Karl took from a heathen in the battle of Runzevâl.
Motif References:
Z 201.2 (Bm) Hero’s famous sword
WvEW-145:
414, 7: Rennewart, pursuing some heathen warriors to their ships, jumps on board, where he recognizes the captured Christian knights, Count Bertram and his kinsmen, by their war-cry “Monschoi”. He forces their guard to open the fetters and liberates them. They return to the battlefield. Rennewart kills heathens to provide armor for them.
Motif References:
R 49 Other places of captivity
R 51.2 Prisoners confined in chains
R 110 Rescue of captive
P 557 Military customs
WvEW-146:
416, 28: As Rennewart kills horse and rider with one blow of his rod, Bertram advises him to strike more carefully, so not to kill the horses they need.
Motif References:
L 101 Unpromising [clumsy] hero
F 628.2.10 Strong man cleaves horse and rider in two [kills horse and rider at one pole-blow]
WvEW-147:
419, 2: The furious battle continues. Many heathens and Christians die. The Christians are seemingly defeated, as the heathens constantly get reinforcement.
Motif References:
WvEW-148:
425, 25: The armor and unpierceable shield of King Purrel of Nûbîant are made of the green and diamond-hard skin of the dragon Neitûne.
Motif References:
B 11.12 Other traits of dragon
F 824 Extraordinary [part of] armor
F 839.2 Extraordinary shield
D 1025 Magic skin of animal
D 1101 Magic [part of] armor
D 1101.1 Magic shield
D 1381.10 Magic [part of] armor protects from attack
WvEW-149:
426, 11: Purrel’s helmet is made of the polychromatic and unpierceable skin of the dragon Muntunzel.
Motif References:
B 11.12 Other traits of dragon
F 824 Extraordinary [part of] armor
D 1025 Magic skin of animal
D 1101.4 Magic helmet
D 1381.10.3 Magic unpierceable helmet
WvEW-150:
429, 6: Rennewart attacks the ferociously fighting Purrel with his rod which breaks because of the power of the blow. Its splinters kill other warriors, but Purrel is not wounded because of his magic armor, but falls down unconscious. Rennewart continues fighting with his fists, then remembers his sword. Purrel is carried from the battlefield on his shield.
Motif References:
F 628.4 Strong man’s mighty spear-cast (sword blow) [pole-blow]
WvEW-151:
433, 6: The heathens’ banner lies on the ground, the Christians lift their banners higher and finally drive back the heathens with God’s help. Many of them flee into the sea or the swamp, or up into the mountains.
Motif References:
R 220 Flights
WvEW-152:
In the confusion of the final combats, Christian warriors forget their war-cries and invent new ones. The fleeing heathens still kill many Christians. Their ships lie on the shore; the kings have to row by themselves.
Motif References:
P 557 Military customs
WvEW-153:
441, 1: Willehalm attacks Terramer, whose coat-of-arms shows the god Kahûn riding a griffin, once Bâligân’s coat-of-arms in the battle of Runzevâl. He wounds him.
Motif References:
P 91 (Li) Heraldic figures and symbols – coat-of-arms
WvEW-154:
442, 14: Rennewart attacks Kanliun, Terramer’s son, and kills him, splitting him in two, not knowing that he is his brother.
Motif References:
N 733.2 Brother unwittingly kills (half) brother in fight
WvEW-155:
445, 14: Final defeat of heathens. Losses are lamented, the dead gathered.
Motif References:
P 555 Defeat in battle [single combat]
WvEW-156:
447, 1: Bernart of Brubant blows a horn that is louder than Ruoland’s Olifant.
Motif References:
F 899 Other extraordinary objects
WvEW-157:
447, 11: At night, a feast takes place, using the provisions that were left behind by the heathens (game, meat, mulberry wine, white wine, red wine); the warriors forget their pain and losses.
Motif References:
P 634 Feasts
WvEW-158:
451, 1: The following morning, the Christian dead are gathered; the nobles are laid out, the others are buried instantly. The nobles are put on biers to be transferred home; their wounds are embalmed. The balm renders the corpses immune to decay, so that they look the same even after 1000 years.
Motif References:
V 69 Funeral rites – miscellaneous
P 683 (Bm) Embalming
D 1244 Magic salve (ointment)
D 1585 Magic object saves corpse from corruption
WvEW-159:
452, 1: Preparations for the return are made. Rennewart is missing, he is lamented by Willehalm, until Bernart of Brubant tells him to behave in a moderate way.
Motif References:
WvEW-160:
460, 27: On Bernart’s advice, Willehalm collects heathen hostages that were made by Christian princes.
Motif References:
P 533.1 Hostages
WvEW-162:
461, 8: Willehalm begs the captured heathen King Matribleiz (who is related to Giburc) to gather the corpses of heathen kings to identify and embalm them and bring them to Terramer.
Motif References:
V 301 (Li) Heathens and Christians
WvEW-163:
464, 1Willehalm tells Matribleiz about a white silk tent he has seen: A heathen priest was in there, and on 23 biers, each of them with an epitaph engraved in plaques of gold and decorated with jewels, 23 heathen kings were laid out.
Motif References:
V 69 Funeral rites – miscellaneous
F 788 Remarkable bier
WvEW-164:
465, 6: Willehalm sets up his banner to indicate that the tent is under his protection. He leaves Provence.
Motif References:
Z 150 Other symbols
P 550 Military affairs
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